Major Depressive Disorder and Related Conditions
Rashmi Nemade, Ph.D., edited by Kathryn Patricelli, MAimage by William Warby (lic)Everyone has days where they feel blah, down, or sad. Typically, these feelings disappear after a day or two, particularly if circumstances change for the better. People experiencing the temporary "blues" don't feel a sense of crushing hopelessness or helplessness, and are able, for the most part, to continue to engage in regular activities. For people dealing with depressive disorders, negative feelings linger, intensify, and often become crippling. With normal sadness, people are still able to experience pleasure when positive events happen. With depressive disorders, the hopelessness and failure stay even when good things are happening. Other, more intense sorts of symptoms, such as suicidal thoughts and hallucinations (e.g., hearing voices), are also often present. These symptoms suggest that serious varieties of depression may be present, including the subject of this center: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) or (more informally), Major Depression. Major Depression.
Major Depressive Disorder is a common yet serious medical condition that affects both the mind and body. It creates physical (body), psychological (mind), and social symptoms. Informally, we often use the term "depression" to describe general sadness. The term Major Depressive Disorder is defined by a formal set of medical criteria which describe symptoms that must be present before the label may be appropriately used.
Major Depressive Disorder has been typically thought of as a mood disorder. The term "mood" describes one's emotions or emotional temperature. It is a set of feelings that express a sense of emotional comfort or discomfort. Sometimes, mood is described as an extended or ongoing emotion that colors a person's whole life and state of well-being. For example, if someone is depressed, they may not feel like exercising. By not exercising for long periods of time, they will eventually experience the negative effects of an inactive lifestyle such as fatigue, muscle aches and pains, and in some cases, other medical conditions like heart disease.
You may have heard terms like in the past like Unipolar Depression, Bipolar or Manic Depression, but these are separate and distinct disorders. During a particular day or week, people can shift from good (or "up") moods, to bad (or "down") moods, or remain somewhere in the middle ("neutral" mood). A person who experiences significant impairment related to shifting between up and down moods often has bipolar disorder. Bipolar disorder can be envisioned as a seesaw movement back and forth between two poles or mood states ("bi" means "two"). In contrast to people with bipolar disorder, people with MDD remain on the down side of the pole; they do not exhibit mood swings. Because they are stuck on the down or depressed end of the mood continuum; they experience a unipolar ("uni" means "one") mood state. It is important to note that bipolar disorder or manic depression was originally described in the Major Depression chapter of the DSM; however, with new research and better understanding of the disorder, experts have now separated bipolar and its related disorders from the depressive disorders in the DSM-5. Visit our bipolar disorder center to learn more about that condition.
According to the World Health Organization, depression is a common illness worldwide, with an estimated 15% of people affected. These people can become disabled by their condition and have problems going to school, work, and meeting their other responsibilities. If they get to school and/or work, they may have difficulty in their relationships with others. A stay at home caretaker such as a mother may have hard time caring for her children and accomplishing daily tasks. As such, daily suffering is not limited to the individual diagnosed with MDD. Spouses, children, parents, siblings, and friends of people experiencing MDD often experience frustration, guilt, anger, and financial hardship in their attempts to cope with the suffering of their loved one.
Major Depressive Disorder has a negative impact on the economy too. Depressive disorders are a leading cause of absenteeism and lost productivity. Although only a small number of people get professional help to relieve a depressive disorder, people with depression are significantly more likely than others to visit a doctor. Some people express their sadness in physical ways, and these individuals may go through extensive and expensive tests and treatments while their depressive disorder goes undiagnosed and untreated. As a result, depression-related visits to doctors account for a large portion of health care spending.
Although the causes of depression are not yet fully understood, we do know that there are a number of factors that can cause a person to suffer from depression. We also know that people who are depressed cannot simply will themselves to snap out of it. Getting better often requires appropriate treatment. Fortunately, there is a wide number of effective treatments available.
This center provides an in-depth look at Major Depressive Disorder by summarizing symptoms and diagnostic criteria according to the current standards, prevalence and course, historical and contemporary understandings of the causes of the condition, as well as diagnosis and treatment.
Resources
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Articles
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Introduction and Types of Depressive Disorders
- Major Depressive Disorder and Related Conditions
- Classic Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder
- The Development and Course of Major Depressive Disorder
- Differential Diagnosis and Specifiers of Major Depressive Disorder
- Prevalence and Co-Occurring Conditions
- Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
- Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
- Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
- Related Disorders / Conditions
- Historical and Current Understandings
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Biology, Psychology and Sociology
- Biology of Depression - Neurotransmitters
- Biology of Depression - Neuroplasticity and Endocrinology
- Biology of Depression - Genetics and Imaging
- Biology of Depression - Psychoneuroimmunology
- Psychology of Depression- Psychodynamic Theories
- Psychology of Depression- Behavioral Theories
- Cognitive Theories of Depression - Aaron Beck
- Cognitive Theories of Depression - Ellis and Bandura
- Cognitive Theories of Depression - Seligman
- Sociology of Depression - Effects of Culture
- Social and Relational Factors in Depression
- Lifestyle Factors and Environmental Causes of Depression
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Treatment - Medication and Psychotherapy
- Treatment: When to Seek Professional Help and Where to Find Help for Depression
- Measuring Depression
- Clinician-Rated and Self-Report Questionnaires/Tests for Depression
- Types of Treatment for Depression
- Types of Treatment Continued
- Medications for Depression
- Antidepressants for Depressive Disorders
- Mood Stabilizers for Depressive Disorders
- Non-Medication Medical Therapies for Depressive Disorders
- Psychotherapy - Evidence-Based Treatments for Depression
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression Continued
- Interpersonal Therapy for Depressive Disorders
- Behavior Therapy for Depressive Disorders
- Psychodynamic Therapy for Depressive Disorders
- Group, Family and Couples Therapy for Depressive Disorders
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Alternative Medicine and Self-Help Resources
- Complementary and Alternative Treatments for Major Depression
- Major Depression and St. John's Wort
- Major Depression and Exercise
- Major Depression and Omega 3 Fatty Acids
- Major Depression Serotonin Precursors: SAMe
- Major Depression Serotonin Precursors: 5-HTP
- Acupuncture for Depression
- Music Therapy and Relaxation Therapy for Depression
- Self-Help Methods for Major Depression
- Community and On-line Self-Help Resources for Major Depression
- Depression Reading List
- Special Issues
- References
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Introduction and Types of Depressive Disorders
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- Giving Up - Dad of three - Sep 15th 2008
- Counting ritual - Zami - Aug 30th 2008
- dont understand me
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- Depression Treatment
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- Lovely, however... - Julie C. - Jul 14th 2008
- I am really worried about my mental health (19yr old female)
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- Help!!!: Laci
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- Where do i start to get on the road to recovery
- What is wrong with me?
- Stuck in an on-again, off-again relationship for 10 years
- Depression Treatment
- How do I get my dr.s to understand and help me?
- STUCK IN A RUT
- What treatments are available after you've tried the medicines of last resort?
- no one will help!
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- A fighting couple
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- Whats wrong with me?
- depression and employment
- how do you treat depression in teenager males?
- Is it ok to feel this way?
- Have DID: Getting Worse Not Better
- Can we contact my mother's doctor?
- anxiety or going crazy?
- ADD, Tourettes or both?
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- Dementia and Depression
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Tests
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- Depression
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- Depression Doesn't Always Have to Be Depressing
- Depression Fallout
- Depression in Context
- Depression Is a Choice
- Depression, the Mood Disease
- Depression-Free for Life
- Doctors of Deception
- Down Came the Rain
- Dysthymia and the Spectrum of Chronic Depressions
- Emotional Claustrophobia
- Essential Psychopharmacology of Depression and Bipolar Disorder
- Everything Is Fine
- Experiences of Depression
- Handbook of Depression
- Handbook of Depression
- History of Suicide
- How I Stayed Alive When My Brain Was Trying to Kill Me
- In Pursuit of Happiness
- Journeys with the Black Dog
- Killing the Black Dog
- LifeForce Yoga to Beat the Blues--Level 1
- LifeForce Yoga to Beat the Blues: Level 2
- Lifting Depression
- Lincoln's Melancholy
- Lucy Sullivan Is Getting Married
- Malignant Sadness
- Manufacturing Depression
- Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression
- Mood Genes
- My Depression
- Natural Healing for Depression
- New Hope for People with Depression
- On Depression
- On the Edge of Darkness
- Ordinarily Well
- Out of the Blue
- Outsmarting Depression
- Overcoming Depression
- Potatoes Not Prozac
- Prozac and the New Antidepressants
- Prozac Backlash
- Prozac Diary
- Prozac Nation
- Puppy Chow Is Better Than Prozac
- Quiet Your Mind & Get to Sleep
- Raising a Moody Child
- Reasons to Stay Alive
- Self-Coaching
- Songs from the Black Chair
- Speaking of Sadness
- Spontaneous Happiness
- Student Depression
- Subordination and Defeat
- Sunbathing in the Rain
- Swing Low
- Talking Back to Prozac
- The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Mood Disorders
- The Anatomy of Melancholy
- The Anti-Depressant Fact Book
- The Antidepressant Era
- The Beast
- The Bell Jar
- The Breakthrough Depression Solution
- The Corrections
- The Cruelty of Depression
- The Depressed Child
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- The Devil Within
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Links
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Videos
- Depression - Let's Talk
- Overcoming Depression
- The Age of Depression
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Therapy for Depression
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- How to get stuff done when you are depressed
- Tell Me About Depression
- 5 Signs Your Teenager is Battling Depression
- Holiday Depression
- Depression Raises Female Heart Risk
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- Let’s talk about depression - focus on women with young babies
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- Screening for Depression in Kids
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- Let’s talk about depression – focus on older people
- Depression: More Than Just the Blues
- Postpartum Depression, You’re Not Alone
- Can people with depression harm themselves?
- How to Ask if Someone is Suicidal
- Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
- How to Know if You Have Seasonal Affective Disorder
- Kids and Depression
- Know the Differences Between Adult and Teen Depression
- Postpartum Depression
- Groundbreaking Research Into Postpartum Depression
- What Are The Signs of Depression in Teens?
- Alternative Treatment for Depression
- Seasonal Affective Disorder: One Woman's Story
- Postpartum Depression
- The Link Between Stress and Depression
- Post Holiday Blues
- Managing Holiday Blues
- Adolescent Depression
- Behavioral Activation: Treatment of Adolescent Depression
- Managing Holiday Depression
- Individualized Depression Treatment
- Optimizing Lithium Treatment
- Postpartum Depression
- Depression and its Treatment
- Treating Depression in Youth
- The Mindful Way Through Depression
- Depression, the Secret We Share
- The bridge between suicide and life
- No More Shame: My life with Anxiety and Depression
- Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
- Adolescent Depression and Anxiety
- #StrongerThanStigma - Wayne Brady: Why I Waited to Talk About My Depression
- Down in the Dumps or Depressed?
- What is Depression?
- What Doctors Miss When Treating Women With Depression
- It’s Bipolar Disorder Not Depression
- What About Alternative Depression Treatments?
- Self Help and Therapy for Depression
- Dealing with the Stigma of Depression
- What is Treatment Resistant Depression?
- Do I Have Depression? Common Symptoms of Depression
- Postpartum Depression: What You Need to Know
- Depression and Your Family Doc
- New Treatments for Depression
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Depression
- Postpartum Depression - Not Just the Baby Blues
- "Baby Blues" -- or Postpartum Depression?
- Study Finds Link Between Crohn’s Disease and Depression
- Dealing with Depression
- Antidepressants and Sexual Dysfunction
- Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Depression Video
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression
- What is Depression?
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