Clinician-Rated and Self-Report Questionnaires/Tests for Depression
Rashmi Nemade, Ph.D., edited by Kathryn Patricelli, MAThe following sections provide information on the various clinician-rated and self-report questionnaires and tests that you might be likely to encounter when being evaluated for depression or can take online.
Clinician Rating Scales
- Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) is a multiple-choice form that is used to rate how severe a person's depression is. It is currently one of the most commonly used scales for rating depression in medical research.
- Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is another diagnostic questionnaire that is used to measure how severe the depressive episodes are in patients with mood disorders. It was designed to help the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D) with more sensitive changes brought on by antidepressants and other forms of treatment.
- Raskin Depression Rating Scale rates how severe the symptoms are in three areas: verbal reports, behavior, and secondary or related symptoms of depression. It's not as specific as the HAM-D, so it is not as commonly used.
Self-report questionnaires
- Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) - a commonly used tool for distinguishing between clinical depression and temporary unhappiness. This questionnaire is considered both reliable and valid. The current version is the BDI-II, which is designed for individuals aged 13 and over. It includes items relating to symptoms of depression such as hopelessness and irritability, thoughts such as guilt or feelings of being punished, as well as physical symptoms such as fatigue, weight loss, and lack of interest in sex. The BDI is a self-report instrument, so patients answer the 21 multiple-choice items themselves. A total score of 0-9 indicates that a person is not significantly depressed, 10-18 indicates mild to moderate depression, 19-29 indicates moderate to severe depression and a score of 30-63 suggests that a person is severely depressed.
- Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) - this questionnaire is answered by "yes" or "no", instead of a five-point rating scale. This allows the GDS to be used with ill people or those that have moderate cognitive impairments. It was designed specifically to identify depression in older adults. Many of the other scales were developed for use with younger or middle aged adults and are not appropriate for use with other groups of people. The GDS leaves out questions about common age-related physical symptoms so that older adults don't seem depressed when they actually aren't. The scale is less complicated than other scales, so it can be used with older adults who have mild to moderate problems with thinking and remembering. This might include patients with Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease. This test alone is not used for diagnosis though. It is simply part of a more comprehensive evaluation.
- Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale - this tool is similar to the Geriatric Depression Scale because it has simple "yes" or "no" types of questions. However, it follows the more specific scale of the BDI where scores range between 25 and 100. Scores of 25-49 indicate that a person is not depressed, 50-59 indicates mild depression, 60-69 suggests moderate depression, and a score of 70 and above suggests that someone is severely depressed. The use of this measure has declined in recent years due to some research suggesting that this scale is not very good at detecting symptom improvement after treatment has occurred.
- The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ) - is a multiple-choice self-report inventory. It is used as a screening and diagnostic tool for depression and other related issues such as anxiety, substance abuse, and eating disorders. It is a public domain resource that is available without cost in several languages. There are several versions such as PHQ-2 or PHQ-9 that vary in sensitivity and specificity of identifying the disease. Although these tests were originally designed as self-report tools, they can also be given by trained health care professionals.
- Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Revised (CESD-R) is another common self-report screening test that measures symptoms of measuring major depressive disorder. It can be taken by clicking here.
General Questionnaires
Depressive symptoms are sometimes measured with general questionnaires designed to look at several different types of mental conditions at once. For example, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) is a screening test for identifying minor psychiatric disorders in the general population. It can be used in settings such as primary care or general medical outpatients. It is suitable for adolescents and older people, but not for children. It looks at the person's current state and asks if that is different from the usual state. It is sensitive to short-term psychiatric disorders, but not to long-standing characteristics of the person. This self-administered questionnaire focuses on two major areas - the inability to function in daily life and the appearance of new and distressing symptoms.
Lab Measurements
There is no diagnostic lab test that can determine whether someone has a depressive disorder. For some time, researchers looked at whether measurements of hormones could reliably separate people with depression and those without. An example of this sort of physical test was the dexamethasone suppression test. This test measured levels of the hormone called cortisol and the activation of the body's stress response system. The test was never found to be a reliable indicator of depression.
Even though lab tests cannot provide positive evidence for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder, they are very useful for ruling out medical causes of depression such as thyroid problems. A complete diagnostic evaluation for depression should include tests for bacterial and viral infections, thyroid hormone levels, metabolic deficiencies, and autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis or lupus.
Resources
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Articles
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Introduction and Types of Depressive Disorders
- Major Depressive Disorder and Related Conditions
- Classic Symptoms of Major Depressive Disorder
- The Development and Course of Major Depressive Disorder
- Differential Diagnosis and Specifiers of Major Depressive Disorder
- Prevalence and Co-Occurring Conditions
- Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
- Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
- Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
- Related Disorders / Conditions
- Historical and Current Understandings
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Biology, Psychology and Sociology
- Biology of Depression - Neurotransmitters
- Biology of Depression - Neuroplasticity and Endocrinology
- Biology of Depression - Genetics and Imaging
- Biology of Depression - Psychoneuroimmunology
- Psychology of Depression- Psychodynamic Theories
- Psychology of Depression- Behavioral Theories
- Cognitive Theories of Depression - Aaron Beck
- Cognitive Theories of Depression - Ellis and Bandura
- Cognitive Theories of Depression - Seligman
- Sociology of Depression - Effects of Culture
- Social and Relational Factors in Depression
- Lifestyle Factors and Environmental Causes of Depression
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Treatment - Medication and Psychotherapy
- Treatment: When to Seek Professional Help and Where to Find Help for Depression
- Measuring Depression
- Clinician-Rated and Self-Report Questionnaires/Tests for Depression
- Types of Treatment for Depression
- Types of Treatment Continued
- Medications for Depression
- Antidepressants for Depressive Disorders
- Mood Stabilizers for Depressive Disorders
- Non-Medication Medical Therapies for Depressive Disorders
- Psychotherapy - Evidence-Based Treatments for Depression
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Depression Continued
- Interpersonal Therapy for Depressive Disorders
- Behavior Therapy for Depressive Disorders
- Psychodynamic Therapy for Depressive Disorders
- Group, Family and Couples Therapy for Depressive Disorders
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Alternative Medicine and Self-Help Resources
- Complementary and Alternative Treatments for Major Depression
- Major Depression and St. John's Wort
- Major Depression and Exercise
- Major Depression and Omega 3 Fatty Acids
- Major Depression Serotonin Precursors: SAMe
- Major Depression Serotonin Precursors: 5-HTP
- Acupuncture for Depression
- Music Therapy and Relaxation Therapy for Depression
- Self-Help Methods for Major Depression
- Community and On-line Self-Help Resources for Major Depression
- Depression Reading List
- Special Issues
- References
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Introduction and Types of Depressive Disorders
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Questions and Answers
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- Please Help Me
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- How Can I Move Past This- A Question for Staff
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- Worrying Too Much About Anything.
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- Homesick and Feeling Stuck.
- Insanely Jealous Husband
- POCD
- Can Prescription Drug Use Lead to Delusional Beharior?
- Social Anxiety, Depression and More...
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- Help For Aging Human Service Professionals?
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- If There's Nothing New, There's Nothing Good.
- Please Respond, I Need Help
- Need To Ask Someone
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- Everyone Says He is depressed, Is He? Or Does He Really Want a Divorce??
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- I Think I Need Some Help
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- Scared and Lonely
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- How Much Should a Therapist Care or Reach Out?
- I Never Experience Happiness
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- Quadruple Bypass Surgery
- Advice
- I am an 18 Year Old Mom Diagnosed With Severe Depression And Anxiety
- Extremely Scared: I Felt Indifferent Toward an Obsession
- Suffering with Treatment-Resistant Depression
- My Fiance May Have a Sexual, Nude Photo Addiction
- Infections and The Brain
- My Girlfriend's Family Is Ruining Our Relationship
- Worthless
- I Need Help And Am At The End of My Rope
- How Can I Cope With My Husband´s Depression and Its Sexual Consequences?
- What Is The Difference Between Mental Illness and Depression?
- Am I Over Thinking This, or Am I Right?
- Anger
- Do I Need Help?
- What Is It?
- Why Am I Thinking Like This?
- Why Does My Mother Hoard Everything, Including Garbage?
- Right in the middle of a nervous breakdown; What's wrong with me?
- Huge Disapointment With My Husband
- I Don't Really Care About Anything. What Should I Do?
- Is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Curable?
- Is it Really a Problem?
- I am Terrified of Death.
- Anhedonia
- Detached: I Feel Guilty, But I Can't Help it.
- My Father, The Sociopath...
- I Feel Like a Question Mark
- Am I Not Normal!?
- Our 23 Year Old Son Refuses to Get Help for His Anxiety Attacks and Depression.
- What is Wrong?
- Husband Abandoned Me
- D.I.D. Diagnosis, How do I Accept This?
- I Don't Know Anymore. Please Help.
- Breaking up With Bipolar
- Depression - Blacking Out
- He's Distant. Is he Leaving me?
- My Boyfriend Saved Pictures of his Ex-Girlfriend on His Computer.
- Restroom Phobia
- What Is Wrong with Me?
- Should I Seek Help?
- When to Leave Therapy?
- Help Me Please. What is Going On With Me?
- I'm Afraid I'm Going Crazy
- I Don't Know What To Do
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- Anger
- Sexual Abuse and Its Effects on Relationships Afterwards
- What Is Wrong with Me, Doc?
- Help
- DBS
- Am I Suffering a Kind of Psychological Problem?
- Attention Deficit and Depression
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- Do you think I sound depressed? I don't understand what is going on
- Is This Bi Polar?
- Depressed 19 year old college student
- Thoughts
- Depression helps to contribute to my unemployment! - Paula
- Will I ever feel normal?
- I feel like I am going crazy
- What is wrong with me?
- I'm Scared
- What Is Wrong with Me?
- Cyclical Depression
- Frightening thoughts - fear losing control - please help!
- Anxious, depressed, confused, angry....the typical...
- Giving Up - Dad of three - Sep 15th 2008
- Counting ritual - Zami - Aug 30th 2008
- dont understand me
- Exercising violence in dreams
- Swallowing fear
- My husband wants to leave me
- Is there help for a person who has always been a 'little depressed'
- Depression Treatment
- Please help.
- Lovely, however... - Julie C. - Jul 14th 2008
- I am really worried about my mental health (19yr old female)
- Am I depressed?
- Identity Confusion: I don't know what personality disorders I have
- Do I Have Bipolar Dsorder?
- Is there something wrong with me?
- Will I Ever?
- Worried about my son
- Is There Help Out There? Lonely Mother of Three
- Am I Depressed?
- Help?
- Major Depressive Disorder Severe with Psychotic Features
- OCD- No feeling
- Help!!!: Laci
- Is the memory of my father dooming my relationship?
- Worried about thoughts
- How long will i be on medication for treatment of my depression
- My Mother Won't Go For Depression Treatment!
- Where do i start to get on the road to recovery
- What is wrong with me?
- Stuck in an on-again, off-again relationship for 10 years
- Depression Treatment
- How do I get my dr.s to understand and help me?
- STUCK IN A RUT
- What treatments are available after you've tried the medicines of last resort?
- no one will help!
- Should I seek help?
- A fighting couple
- Do I have a mental health problem?
- Whats wrong with me?
- depression and employment
- how do you treat depression in teenager males?
- Is it ok to feel this way?
- Have DID: Getting Worse Not Better
- Can we contact my mother's doctor?
- anxiety or going crazy?
- ADD, Tourettes or both?
- Depressed
- I think i'm lost?
- Don't want to take meds
- Will this ever end
- Get Supported
- Stages of Depression
- Is there any help?
- Can you help?
- Dark Fantasies
- Blood tests
- Is it illusion or truth?
- should a depressed person marry?
- Dementia and Depression
- Anger?
- What type of exams can proven that a person has bipolar disorder?
- Stuck in a mental rut...
- Loss of Patience
- i can't seem to get over any of this
- Intrusive humiliating memories
- Is there some way to deal with depression without meds?
- losing personality wholness
- What is the point of life?
- No change is normal mood (e.g., Depression)
- Lack of Personal Hygiene
- Diagnosing Depression
- Does untreated depression pass on to a fetus?
- A Request for Help
- Regular thoughts of killing myself
- How do I help my depressed, unemployed mother
- Angry at my doctor for prescribing so carelessly
- I become very hostile towards myself
- Coming to Terms With My Own Pathetic Existence
- Do environmental factors hold a person back?
- Tired of this Depression
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- Is Depression Getting More Prevalent?
- An Empty Shell
- Helping My Husband
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- Non-medication Help For Depression
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- Frustrated and Sucked Dry
- Too Young For Meds
- Depressed Husband
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- Self-Harming Attention Seeker
- Did My Parents Make Me Like This?
- Wild Mood Swings
- A Wonderful Man
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- 18, Sad and Hopeless
- Should I Continue With Therapy?
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- Pleasure-blind
- Do People Recover From Depression?
- Shy Dancer
- Crying Is Behavior
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- The First Time
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- Depression 101
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Tests
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- A Heart of Stone
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- Against Depression
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- An Unquiet Mind
- Beating the Blues
- Before Prozac
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- Beyond Blue
- Blaming the Brain
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- Conquering the Beast Within
- Cry Depression, Celebrate Recovery
- Damage
- Depression
- Depression
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- Depression Doesn't Always Have to Be Depressing
- Depression Fallout
- Depression in Context
- Depression Is a Choice
- Depression, the Mood Disease
- Depression-Free for Life
- Doctors of Deception
- Down Came the Rain
- Dysthymia and the Spectrum of Chronic Depressions
- Emotional Claustrophobia
- Essential Psychopharmacology of Depression and Bipolar Disorder
- Everything Is Fine
- Experiences of Depression
- Handbook of Depression
- Handbook of Depression
- History of Suicide
- How I Stayed Alive When My Brain Was Trying to Kill Me
- In Pursuit of Happiness
- Journeys with the Black Dog
- Killing the Black Dog
- LifeForce Yoga to Beat the Blues--Level 1
- LifeForce Yoga to Beat the Blues: Level 2
- Lifting Depression
- Lincoln's Melancholy
- Lucy Sullivan Is Getting Married
- Malignant Sadness
- Manufacturing Depression
- Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression
- Mood Genes
- My Depression
- Natural Healing for Depression
- New Hope for People with Depression
- On Depression
- On the Edge of Darkness
- Ordinarily Well
- Out of the Blue
- Outsmarting Depression
- Overcoming Depression
- Potatoes Not Prozac
- Prozac and the New Antidepressants
- Prozac Backlash
- Prozac Diary
- Prozac Nation
- Puppy Chow Is Better Than Prozac
- Quiet Your Mind & Get to Sleep
- Raising a Moody Child
- Reasons to Stay Alive
- Self-Coaching
- Songs from the Black Chair
- Speaking of Sadness
- Spontaneous Happiness
- Student Depression
- Subordination and Defeat
- Sunbathing in the Rain
- Swing Low
- Talking Back to Prozac
- The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Mood Disorders
- The Anatomy of Melancholy
- The Anti-Depressant Fact Book
- The Antidepressant Era
- The Beast
- The Bell Jar
- The Breakthrough Depression Solution
- The Corrections
- The Cruelty of Depression
- The Depressed Child
- The Depression Cure
- The Devil Within
- The Emotional Revolution
- The Family Silver
- The Feeling Good Handbook
- The Mood Cure
- The Nature of Melancholy
- The Noonday Demon
- The Postpartum Effect
- The Secret Strength of Depression
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- This Close to Happy
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- Unstuck
- Viniyoga Therapy for Depression
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- Writing Through the Darkness
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Links
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Videos
- Depression - Let's Talk
- The Age of Depression
- Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Therapy for Depression
- Beating the Holiday Blues
- How to get stuff done when you are depressed
- Tell Me About Depression
- 5 Signs Your Teenager is Battling Depression
- Holiday Depression
- Depression Raises Female Heart Risk
- Let’s talk about depression - focus on women with young babies
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- The Link Between Stress and Depression
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- Managing Holiday Blues
- Adolescent Depression
- Behavioral Activation: Treatment of Adolescent Depression
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- Individualized Depression Treatment
- Optimizing Lithium Treatment
- Postpartum Depression
- Depression and its Treatment
- Treating Depression in Youth
- The Mindful Way Through Depression
- Depression, the Secret We Share
- The bridge between suicide and life
- No More Shame: My life with Anxiety and Depression
- Depressive and Bipolar Disorders
- Adolescent Depression and Anxiety
- #StrongerThanStigma - Wayne Brady: Why I Waited to Talk About My Depression
- Down in the Dumps or Depressed?
- What is Depression?
- What Doctors Miss When Treating Women With Depression
- It’s Bipolar Disorder Not Depression
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- Dealing with the Stigma of Depression
- What is Treatment Resistant Depression?
- Do I Have Depression? Common Symptoms of Depression
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- Depression and Your Family Doc
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- "Baby Blues" -- or Postpartum Depression?
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