Discrete Trial
Tammi Reynolds, BA & Mark Dombeck, Ph.D., edited by Kathryn Patricelli, MADiscrete trial and Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA) methods are often confused, but they are not identical. Discrete trial is a teaching strategy used under the umbrella that is ABA. Discrete trial is a method of instruction that works to shape behavior using repetition and cause and effect learning. Discrete trial is a "chaining" method that builds one skill on top of another. Complex tasks are broken down into small steps and each step is mastered in turn across a series of trials.
Tasks differ in their complexity. Basic tasks such as being able to sit quietly for an extended period are required for other, more complex tasks such as working with a computer program. Being able to speak the phrase, "hello, how are you" is a requirement for more complex social communication tasks such as greeting someone (which may also involve making eye contact and paying attention to what the other person has to say). Discrete trial learning methods recognize this progression of tasks and attempts to teach more basic type tasks first.
A typical starting task for discrete trials work is to be able to simply sit at a workstation. The directive, "come sit" is often one of the first goals for discrete trial students. When students can sit and pay attention to tasks without having a tantrum or becoming aggressive, they are ready to take on more complex tasks. These include social and communication tasks. Communication skills teaching frequently starts with basic skills like learning to make appropriate eye contact, and progresses towards more advanced communication skills, including object labeling and use of sign language to convey needs.
Discrete trial methods are designed to increase the likelihood that children will act in desirable ways. It is not designed to decrease their tendency to act in undesired ways. Children are motivated to act in desired ways through the application of reinforcement techniques. Positive reinforcement happens when behavior is rewarded, such as by providing a desired treat. To be effective, rewards must be presented immediately, and be concrete in nature (visible). Rewards that are abstract, or which are delivered after a delay may not be associated with desired behaviors and may appear to children to have simply been given for no reason. Discrete trial methods never use punishment methods (which involve adding something negative and disliked to the child's environment). However, negative reinforcement methods, which involve rewarding children when they stop doing something undesirable, are used.
In addition to shaping children's behavior towards the learning of social and communicative skills, discrete trial methods also teach children about cause and effect. Students learn that they are expected to respond to trials, and that every response they make will have a consequence. They will either be rewarded for their response or they will not be rewarded. Therapists are ultimately interested in getting children to pay attention to task learning and in developing their ability to respond appropriately to communication. Letters, numbers and object labeling skills are acquired as part of discrete trials training. Because communication skills are basic and fundamental and must be present before more complex social skills can be taught, they are taught early in the process.
Resources
-
Articles
- What is Autism Spectrum Disorder?
- Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder
-
Autism Spectrum Disorder Interventions & Supportive Services
- Autism Spectrum Disorder Treatment
- Behavioral and Communication Approaches
- Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)
- Applied Behavior Analysis
- Discrete Trial
- Fluency
- Sensory Integration
- Floortime
- Medication
- Diet and Vitamins
- Complementary Approaches
- Therapeutic Animals
- Helping Families Cope
- Support Groups
- Wraparound Services
- Autism Spectrum Disorder and Mainstream Public Education
- Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adulthood
- Conclusion
- Autism Spectrum Disorder Resources
-
News
-
Questions and Answers
-
Book & Media Reviews
- A Guide to Asperger Syndrome
- A Parent's Guide to Asperger Syndrome and High-Functioning Autism
- A User Guide to the GF/CF Diet for Autism, Asperger Syndrome and AD/HD
- An Exact Mind
- Asperger Syndrome and Your Child
- Asperger Syndrome, Adolescence, and Identity
- Asperger's and Girls
- Autism - The Eighth Colour of the Rainbow
- Autism's False Prophets
- Autistic Spectrum Disorders
-
38 more
- Born on a Blue Day
- Boy Alone
- Can't Eat, Won't Eat
- Caring for a Child with Autism
- Children with Emerald Eyes
- Demystifying the Autistic Experience
- Eating an Artichoke
- Educating Children With Autism
- Elijah's Cup
- Exiting Nirvana
- Eye Contact
- Freaks, Geeks and Asperger Syndrome
- Incorporating Social Goals in the Classroom
- Integrated Yoga
- Learning and Behavior Problems in Asperger Syndrome
- Look Me in the Eye
- Maverick Mind
- Mysterious Creatures
- Our Journey Through High Functioning Autism and Asperger Syndrome
- Rain Man
- Reweaving the Autistic Tapestry
- Seeing Ezra
- Snapshots of Autism
- Songs of the Gorilla Nation
- Targeting Autism
- Temple Grandin
- The Boy Who Loved Windows
- The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time
- The Dragons of Autism
- The Flight of a Dove
- The Horse Boy
- The OASIS Guide to Asperger Syndrome
- The Ride Together
- The Speed of Dark
- Things Tom Likes
- Through the Glass Wall
- Weather Reports from the Autism Front
- What's Happening to Tom?
-
Links
-
Videos
- New Genetic Tools to Treat Autism and Pediatric Neurological Disorders
- Diagnosing and Treating Autism with Doris Trauner
- Talking to Our Kids With Autism Spectrum Disorder About Acts of Terrorism
- Talking to Our Kids With Autism Spectrum Disorder About Death
- Understanding the Genome and the Future of Autism Therapies
- What Is Asperger's?
- Autism Early Intervention
- Minority Children May Miss Autism Diagnosis
- Key Features of Autism
- Autism Puberty and Adolescence Toolkit
-
70 more
- Autism and Minorities
- Understanding the Genome and the Future of Autism Therapies
- Catching Autism Early
- The World of Autism PSA
- Is Asperger’s Syndrome Autism?
- Learning the Signs of Autism
- What is Autism?
- Understanding Autism
- Siblings of Children with Autism
- How Weighted Blankets May Lift Anxiety
- Caring for Children and Adolescents with Autism During COVID 19
- 1 in 45 autism prevalence explained
- Autism & Asperger's: What's The Difference?
- Screening for Signs of Autism
- Beyond the Data -- Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Treating Autism
- What it’s like to have a brother on the autism spectrum
- iPads and Autism: 3 Features That Make the Tablet Easier to Use
- iPads and Autism: Getting the Most From Out-of-the-Box Apps
- Great Apps for Autism
- Teaching Social Skills to Teens with ASD
- ABA for Teens with ASD
- Customizing ABA Programs for Teens
- Autism Diagnosis and Access to Care in Minority Populations
- From Diagnosis to Treatment: The Revolution Driving Autism Research
- Reducing Disparities in Autism Diagnosis and Access to Care
- Autism Jargon: DRO
- Autism Jargon: NET
- 5 Tips for Getting the Most Out of ABA
- Autism Jargon: DTT
- Autism Jargon: Distractor
- Autism Jargon: Theory of Mind
- Autism Jargon: Pica
- Autism Jargon: Fluency
- Autism Jargon: Systematic Desensitization
- Is Asperger’s Included in the DSM5?
- Autism Jargon: Functional Communication Training
- 8 Questions to Ask Your Autism Service Provider
- Autism Jargon: Verbal Operants
- Autism Jargon: Establishing Operation
- Autism Jargon: Token Economy
- Treating Anxiety in Children and Teens with ASD
- Autism Jargon: Response Cost
- Teaching Soccer Skills to Kids with ASD
- "Focus on Ability, Not Disability"
- Dr. Tim Shriver: Intellectually Different ... Not Disabled
- P2I: Can We Prevent Autism?
- Autism Jargon: Positive Reinforcement
- Autism Jargon: Negative Reinforcement
- How the Diagnosis of Autism Helps Us Learn More About Autism
- Pathways for Treatments in Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Genetics of Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Autism Jargon: IEP
- My Inner Life with Asperger's
- Autism Jargon: Least Restrictive Environment
- Dealing with Challenging Behaviors
- How law enforcement and families work together to keep loved ones with autism safe
- Back to School: Homework Help!
- Advice on Telling Your Teen they have ASD
- Social Intervention Helps Adults With Autism
- Autism Jargon: Antecedent Modification
- Motor and Social Skill Function: Connecting Learning and Brain Function in Autism
- Minecraft for Autism
- Autism Signs
- CDC’s new update on autism: What you need to know
- Autism & Friendship
- Employment resources for adults with autism and their families
- Housing and residential support options for adults with autism
- Autism Spectrum Disorder: Many Questions Many Answers
- Diagnosing and Treating Autism
Topics
-
Related Topic Centers
-
Addictions
-
Aging & Elder Care
-
Assessments & Interventions
-
Career & Workplace
-
Emotional Well-Being
-
Life Issues
-
Parenting & Child Care
-
Abuse
-
ADHD: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
-
Adoption
-
Autism
-
Child & Adolescent Development: Overview
-
Child & Adolescent Development: Puberty
-
Child Development & Parenting: Early (3-7)
-
Child Development & Parenting: Infants (0-2)
-
Child Development & Parenting: Middle (8-11)
-
Child Development & Parenting:Adolescence (12-24)
-
Child Development Theory: Adolescence (12-24)
-
Child Development Theory: Middle Childhood (8-11)
-
Childhood Mental Disorders and Illnesses
-
Childhood Special Education
-
Divorce
-
Family & Relationship Issues
-
Intellectual Disabilities
-
Learning Disorders
-
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
-
Parenting
-
Self Esteem
-
-
Psychological Disorders
-
Anxiety Disorders
-
Bipolar Disorder
-
Conversion Disorders
-
Depression: Depression & Related Conditions
-
Dissociative Disorders
-
Domestic Violence and Rape
-
Eating Disorders
-
Impulse Control Disorders
-
Intellectual Disabilities
-
Mental Disorders
-
Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
-
Personality Disorders
-
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
-
Schizophrenia
-
Sexual Disorders
-
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
-
Suicide
-
Tourettes and other Tic Disorders
-